f2c6ab19-7816-437d-8c31-0c26e3af891d 50 15 12 decimal

&[DATE] &[TIME] - &[FILENAME]

Electronic Altimeter ... 20 cm resolution ... [0..25 km] https://www.aircraftspruce.com/catalog/pdf/altimeter-manual.pdf

ISA 1976 atmosphere . . . [2 regions . . . hPa, m]

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g 9.806645 : R 287.0528 : po 1013.25 : p1 226.321 : z1 11000 : To 288.15 : T1 216.65 : λ 0.0065 - : 81 sys

z ISA11 po To λ z * + To / (g - R λ * /^* : z ISA25 p1 g z z1 - (* R T1 * / - exp * : 21 sys

The two ISA segments

x c0 10 x ≤ (x 11000 ≤ (& cases : x c11 111000 x ≤ (x 25000 ≤ (& cases : 21 sys

x ISA11 x c0 * x ISA25 x c11 * 11000 600 11000 200 - 2 2 mat 5000 768 Troposphere 12 blue 1 5 mat 14000 256 Tropopause 12 red 1 5 mat 5 1 sys

ISA altitude[hPa] ... maple_solve hPa alt11 To 1 - hPa po / ln R * λ * g / - exp + (* λ / : hPa alt25 g z1 * - hPa p1 / ln R * T1 * + g / - : 21 sys

sanity check 15000 ISA25 alt25 5000 ISA11 alt11 21 mat 15000500021 mat

lowest local hPa Typhoon
ISA reference
highest local hPa Mongolia 870 alt11 1013.25 alt11 1085.7 alt11 31 mat 12670586 - 31 mat

lowest/highest local barometric pressures recorded

NASA atmosphere . . . [3 regions . . . kPa, m]

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NASA Atmospheric Pressure vs altitude kPa(m)... as published h NASA 101.29 288.14 0.00649 h * - 288.08 / (5.256^* 1000 - h ≤ (h 11000 ≤ (& 22.65 1.73 0.000157 h * - exp * 11000 h ≤ (h 25000 ≤ (& 2.488 141.89 0.00299 h * + 216.6 / (11.388 -^* cases :

0 NASA 11000 NASA 25000 NASA 60000 NASA 41 mat 101.4009 22.7074 2.5223 0.0279 41 mat

OACI 11000 ISA11 0.1 * 22.632

OACI

NASA Altitude vs Pressure m(kPa)... from Smath/Maple companions. kPa alt 20001440714404100 kPa * 10129 / ln 5.256 / exp * - (* 649 / 101.4009 kPa ≥ (kPa 22.7074 ≥ (& 1000017310020 kPa * 453 / ln * - (* 157 / 22.7074 kPa ≥ (kPa 2.5223 ≥ (& 100014189 - 21660125 kPa * 311 / ln 11.388 / - exp * + (* 299 / cases :

sanity NASA vs ISA @ 11000 m 226.32 alt11 11000

LOWEST ever recorded pressure on Earth 87kPa /870 mbar / 652.53 mmHg /25.69 inHg 12 October 1979 Typhoon Tip, W. Pacific Ocean Largest, most intense tropical cyclone on record Peak width: 2,200 km / 1,380 miles Peak winds: 305 km/h or 190 mph ==================================================== HIGHEST ever recorded pressure on Earth Most common official citation: 108.38kPa /1083.8 mbar / 812.92mmHg / 32.01 inHg Alternative citation that is currently uncertified : 108.57 kPa/ 1085.7 mbar/ 814.32 mmHg /32.06 inHg 31 December 1968 ... Agata Lake, N. Siberia 19 December 2001 ... Tosontsengel, Mongolia Clear and extreme cold -46C/-50.8F

collect/plot NASA regions x alt x c11 * x alt x c25 * x alt x c60 * 22.7 11000 + 20 black 15 mat 2.52 25000 + 20 black 15 mat 51 sys

x c11 1 101.4009 x ≥ (x 22.7074 ≥ (& cases : x c25 1 22.7074 x ≥ (x 2.5223 ≥ (& cases : x c60 1 2.5223 x ≥ (x 0.0279 ≥ (& cases : 31 sys

x alt x c11 * x alt x c25 * x alt x c60 * 22.7 11000 + 20 black 1 5 mat 2.52 25000 + 20 black 1 5 mat 5 1 sys

NASA atmosphere . . . [3 regions . . . m(kPa)]

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ISA
NASA 1013.2 alt11 101.32 alt 21 mat 0.4 6.7 21 mat

29.92 Hg * 1013.2 mbar * ≡

Landing local corrections . . . H(m) sea level . . . t(°C)

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t 30 - : (local temperature °C ≡ L0 0.0065 : (standard ISA temperature laps rate °C/m ≡ H 0 : (datum landing runway sea level elevation [m] ≡ m 1 : (meter unit ≡ h NASA11(kPa)altimeter reading ≡ 51 sys

otherwise formulated

'h' NASA(kPa) altitude

't' local °C from Pt sensor

Local °C flight altitude correction
add [m] to  altimeter reading [m] h t C h 15 t L0 H * + (- 273 t L0 H * + (+ 0.5 L0 * h H + (* - / * :

add to altimeter reading 150050 - C m 447

p[kPa] from altimeter

p NASA11 20001440714404100 p * 10129 / ln 5.256 / exp * - (* 649 / : p t Flight p NASA11 p NASA11 t C + : 31 sys

raw altimeter reading

ISA altimeter ...
corrected for -30 °C 85 NASA11 8530 - Flight 21 mat 1466174221 mat

... flight altitude [m]

't' [°C]from the airport "OR" as measured at aircraft approaching landing runway.

Altimeter reading from sensed kPa

you are flying ~ 300 m below altimeter @ 85 kPa 85 NASA11 8530 - Flight - 277 -

. . . in short . . .

1. altimeter reads ISA flying altitude from NASA11(kPa)

2. Flight(kPa , t) adds/subtracts corrected altitude [m]

3. NASA11(kPa)=m approximates ISA as "kPa sensed".

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data char size clr plot k 1 data rows range r3 k el char : r4 k el size : r5 k el clr : 13 mat for data r3 r4 r5 augment 21 line :

L Δ N xd i 1 N range X i 1 + el L i Δ * + : for X 21 line :

Grad 01120324752618615 56.5 - 56.5 - 44.5 - 2.5 - 2.5 - 20.5 - 86.3 - 28 mat transpose :

X Grad 1 col : Y Grad 2 col : 12 mat h 0 0.5 172 xd : x f X Y x linterp : 31 sys

Data i 1 h rows range °C i el h i el f eval : for h °C augment 21 line :

Geopotential °C @ km [altitude]

Data Grad . 14 red plot 11 56.5 - + 40 black 1 5 mat 3 1 sys

km 1 :

x f 0 ≡ x 03 solve km 2.3

data sub subspace j 1 data rows 1 - (range Vsub j el i 1 sub range vx i el data j el i sub / data 1 j + el data j el - (* + : for vx 21 line eval : for v Vsub 1 el : j 2 Vsub rows range v v Vsub j el stack : for v 41 line :

user original polygon Xo 01120324752618618 mat transpose : Yo 15 56.5 - 56.5 - 44.5 - 2.5 - 2.5 - 20.5 - 86.3 - 18 mat transpose : 21 sys

sub 4 :

select subspaces

New Xo sub subspace Yo sub subspace augment : New Xo 1 el Yo 1 el 12 mat New stack : 21 line

isolate New New :

New 015 2.75 2.875 - 5.5 20.75 - 8.25 38.625 - 11 56.5 - 13.25 56.5 - 15.5 56.5 - 17.75 56.5 - 20 56.5 - 23 53.5 - 26 50.5 - 29 47.5 - 32 44.5 - 35.75 34 - 39.5 23.5 - 43.25 13 - 47 2.5 - 48.25 2.5 - 49.5 2.5 - 50.75 2.5 - 52 2.5 - 54.25 7 - 56.5 11.5 - 58.75 16 - 61 20.5 - 67.25 36.95 - 73.5 53.4 - 272 mat

X New 1 col : Y New 2 col : 12 mat XY X Y augment : XoYo Xo Yo augment : 31 sys

data set °C
subspaced . XoYo XoYo o 7 red plot : XY XY . 10 black plot : 21 sys

Geopotential °C @ km [altitude]... To be realist in the vincinity of the discontinuities, very easy to pass through the data set a Hermite polyline, fillet at will around the discontinuities.

XoYo XY 11 56.5 - + 250 blue 1 5 mat 12 57 - -56.5 °C 12 blue 1 5 mat 12 0 11 km 12 blue 1 5 mat 5 1 sys

Linear interpolation/extrapolation data x Linterp vx data 1 col : vy data 2 col : x vx 1 el ≤ k 1 : x vx vx rows el ≥ k vx rows 1 - : k 1 : x vx k 1 + el ≥ k k 1 + : while 21 line if if vy k el vy k 1 + el vy k el - vx k 1 + el vx k el - / x vx k el - (* + 41 line :

°C 1 :

Global 7000 New 18.3 Linterp °C 56.5 -

Earth gravity @ km altitude

km g 9.8 64006400 km + / (2^* :

x c 10 x ≤ (x 100000 ≤ (& cases :

x g x c * 0 9.8 + 20 red 1 5 mat 2 1 sys

11 g 18 g 60 g 31 mat 9.77 9.75 9.62 31 mat